9th Grade Biology Β· Self-Paced Learning Module
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids β structure, monomers, and functions
βΆ Open on YouTube βActive site, induced fit, activation energy, enzyme-substrate specificity & inhibition
βΆ Open on YouTube βHow enzymes lower activation energy, energy diagrams, and enzyme regulation explained
βΆ Open on YouTube βThe body's primary energy source β made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Monomer: monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Monosaccharides link by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Ring structures made of C, H, O. General formula: (CHβO)β
β’ Quick energy source (glucose β ATP)
β’ Energy storage (glycogen in animals; starch in plants)
β’ Structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls)
β’ Cell recognition (glycoproteins on cell surface)
Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharides: Sucrose (table sugar), Lactose (milk sugar), Maltose
Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
Hydrophobic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Not true polymers β built from glycerol + fatty acids (fats/oils) or other arrangements.
Fats/Oils: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains (triglyceride) linked by ester bonds
Phospholipids: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate head (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails)
Steroids: 4 fused carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol)
β’ Long-term energy storage (fats store 2Γ more energy per gram than carbs)
β’ Cell membrane structure (phospholipid bilayer)
β’ Hormone production (steroid hormones)
β’ Insulation and protection of organs
β’ Fat-soluble vitamin absorption (A, D, E, K)
Saturated fats: Butter, lard (solid at room temp β single bonds)
Unsaturated fats: Olive oil, fish oil (liquid at room temp β double bonds)
Phospholipids: Cell membranes
Steroids: Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol
Waxes: Cuticle on plant leaves
The most diverse and versatile macromolecules. Monomer: amino acid. 20 different amino acids linked by peptide bonds form all proteins.
Primary: Sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds)
Secondary: Ξ±-helices and Ξ²-pleated sheets (H-bonds)
Tertiary: 3D folded shape β determines function
Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains (e.g., hemoglobin)
β’ Enzymes β catalyze reactions
β’ Structural β collagen, keratin, actin
β’ Transport β hemoglobin carries Oβ
β’ Hormones β insulin regulates blood sugar
β’ Antibodies β immune defense
β’ Movement β myosin in muscle cells
β’ Cell signaling β receptor proteins
Enzymes: Amylase, lipase, DNA polymerase
Structural: Collagen (connective tissue), Keratin (hair/nails)
Transport: Hemoglobin, albumin
Hormones: Insulin, glucagon
Antibodies: Immunoglobulins
Motor: Myosin, kinesin
Carry genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Monomer: nucleotide (phosphate group + sugar + nitrogenous base).
DNA: Double helix, deoxyribose sugar, bases A-T-G-C, stable, found in nucleus
RNA: Single strand, ribose sugar, bases A-U-G-C, short-lived, multiple types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
Nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds
β’ DNA β stores and transmits genetic information
β’ mRNA β carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes
β’ tRNA β brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation
β’ rRNA β makes up ribosome structure
β’ ATP β energy currency of the cell (nucleotide derivative)
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid β the genome
mRNA: Messenger RNA β transcription product
tRNA: Transfer RNA β translation adapter
rRNA: Ribosomal RNA β ribozyme activity
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate β energy carrier
Every cell contains nucleic acids β eating any whole food provides them.
Complete all five parts using what you learned from the videos, slides, macromolecule explorer, and vocabulary. Type your answers directly in the boxes below. When finished, use the Print button to submit a paper copy.
Key Concepts Reference
Monomer: monosaccharide Β· Energy source Β· Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Glycerol + fatty acids Β· Long-term energy Β· Cell membranes Β· Hormones
Monomer: amino acid Β· Enzymes, structure, transport, immunity
Monomer: nucleotide Β· DNA stores genome Β· RNA directs protein synthesis
Biological catalysts Β· Lower activation energy Β· Active site + induced fit
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration Β· Denaturation above optimal
Select the best answer for each question.
Complete the table by filling in each blank about the four macromolecules.
| Macromolecule | Monomer | Key Function | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Lipids | |||
| Proteins | |||
| Nucleic Acids |
Match each term on the left to its correct description on the right.
A. Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds
B. The enzyme slightly changes shape to fit the substrate
C. The molecule that an enzyme acts upon
D. Loss of protein shape due to heat or pH change
E. Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
F. Substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
G. Molecule that blocks enzyme activity
H. Biological catalyst made of protein
| Criteria | Full Credit | Partial Credit | No Credit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy (2 pts) | All scientific facts are correct and precisely stated | Minor factual errors that don't undermine main idea | Major errors or missing key concepts |
| Depth (2 pts) | Thorough explanation with specific details (macromolecule names, enzyme terms, mechanisms) | Some detail but surface-level explanation | Very vague or no detail |
| Connections (1 pt) | Clearly links to real-world context of chosen scenario | Weak or unclear connection to scenario | No connection to scenario |